All Supplements by Mechanism
Use this note to browse the wiki by mechanism rather than alphabetically. Each section gathers notes that share the same core brain or body pathway.
Blood Flow & Circulation Enhancement
Main page: Blood Flow & Circulation Enhancement
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agmatine Sulfate | supplements | arginine metabolite, neuromodulator, nitric oxide modulator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 250-1,000 mg/day | mood support, pain modulation, glutamate modulation, vascular modulation |
| BPC-157 | peptides | peptide, tissue repair research chemical | Unclear in humans; tissue effects would be days to weeks | No approved human nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use is not standardized | tissue repair research, gut barrier support claims, anti-inflammatory signaling, injury recovery claims |
| Electrolytes | basics | foundation, mineral, hydration | Minutes to hours when imbalance or sweat loss is present | Context-dependent; sodium and potassium should reflect diet, sweat, blood pressure, kidney function, and medications | hydration, nerve conduction, muscle function, blood pressure stability, exercise performance |
| Epicatechin | supplements | flavanol, vascular support, polyphenol | 1-3 hours for vascular effects; weeks for training adaptations | Typical: 50-200 mg/day epicatechin or cocoa flavanol equivalents | blood flow, endothelial function, exercise support, antioxidant signaling |
| Exercise | basics | foundation, behavioral intervention, metabolic support | Acute mood and blood-flow effects within minutes to hours; structural adaptations over weeks to months | Common target: 150-300 min/week moderate cardio or 75-150 min vigorous cardio plus 2+ resistance sessions/week | executive function, mood, BDNF signaling, insulin sensitivity, vascular health |
| Ginkgo Biloba | supplements | herb, vascular support, antioxidant | Weeks for cognitive/vascular effects | Typical standardized extract: 120-240 mg/day | blood flow, memory support, antioxidant support, tinnitus/circulation research |
| Gotu Kola | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anxiolytic, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute anxiolytic effect; 4–8 weeks for cognitive benefits | Typical: 500–2,000 mg/day dried herb; 300–500 mg standardized extract | anxiety reduction, memory support, blood flow enhancement, wound healing, neuroprotection |
| L-Citrulline | supplements | amino acid, nitric oxide support, vascular support | 30-120 minutes for blood-flow effects | Typical: 3-6 g L-citrulline or 6-8 g citrulline malate pre-exercise | blood flow, exercise performance, nitric oxide support, reduced fatigue |
| Nitrates | supplements | vascular support, nitric oxide precursor | 2-3 hours for peak nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide conversion | Typical: 300-600 mg nitrate from beetroot products; food servings vary | blood flow, exercise efficiency, blood pressure support, endothelial function |
| Omega-3 Fish Oil | supplements | fatty acid, membrane support, anti-inflammatory | Weeks to months for membrane and inflammation changes | Typical: 1-3 g/day combined EPA+DHA; higher medical doses require supervision | membrane fluidity, inflammation resolution, mood support, cardiometabolic support |
| Panax Ginseng | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 1-6 hours acutely; weeks for tonic effects | Typical extract: 200-400 mg/day standardized to ginsenosides; root doses vary | mental energy, fatigue resistance, stress resilience, glucose support |
| Resveratrol | supplements | polyphenol, antioxidant signaling, sirtuin modulator | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 100-500 mg/day; higher doses increase GI and interaction issues | antioxidant signaling, vascular support, metabolic support, healthy aging pathways |
| Taurine | supplements | amino sulfonic acid, osmolyte, calming support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day | calm energy, osmoregulation, cardiovascular support, GABA/glycine modulation |
| Theobromine | supplements | methylxanthine, mild stimulant, vasodilator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 100-500 mg from cocoa or supplements; sensitivity varies | mild stimulation, mood support, vasodilation, smooth energy |
| Vinpocetine | supplements | herb, cerebrovascular agent, PDE1 inhibitor, nootropic | 30–90 minutes for cerebrovascular effects; cognitive benefits over weeks of use | Typical: 5–10 mg 3x/day (15–30 mg/day total); some protocols use up to 60 mg/day | cerebral blood flow enhancement, memory support, neuroprotection, cognitive processing speed, anti-inflammatory |
| Water | basics | foundation, hydration | Minutes to hours when dehydration is present | Use thirst, urine color, activity, climate, and electrolytes; avoid both dehydration and forced overhydration | attention, headache reduction, thermoregulation, blood volume, physical performance |
Neurotransmitter Balance
Main page: Neurotransmitter Balance
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTP | supplements | amino acid derivative, serotonin precursor | 30-120 minutes for acute effects; mood effects may take days to weeks | Typical: 50-200 mg/day; avoid combining with serotonergic medications unless supervised | mood support, sleep support, appetite modulation, serotonin precursor |
| ACD-856 | peptides | GABA-A modulator, alpha-5 NAM, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 30-90 minutes based on similar compounds | Not established for humans; no approved clinical dose | memory enhancement, hippocampal LTP support, learning, cognitive sharpening |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine | supplements | amino acid derivative, mitochondrial support | 1-3 hours acutely; weeks for fatigue or neuropathy-related outcomes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg/day | mental energy, mitochondrial support, fatty acid transport, neuropathy support |
| Adderall | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, prescription medication, amphetamine | IR: about 30-60 minutes; XR: 1-2 hours with extended profile | Prescription only; clinician-directed ADHD/narcolepsy dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, wakefulness, motivation, executive function under clinical need |
| Agmatine Sulfate | supplements | arginine metabolite, neuromodulator, nitric oxide modulator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 250-1,000 mg/day | mood support, pain modulation, glutamate modulation, vascular modulation |
| Alpha-GPC | supplements | choline source, phospholipid, acetylcholine support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 150-600 mg/day; clinical cognitive studies sometimes use 1,200 mg/day under supervision | acetylcholine support, focus, memory support, power output support |
| Amphetamines | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant class, monoamine releaser | Varies by compound and route; prescription oral forms often 30-90 minutes | Prescription-only when medically used; no nonmedical dosing guidance | wakefulness, attention, motivation, appetite suppression |
| Aniracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, anxiolytic, cognitive enhancer | 20-45 minutes | 750–1500 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses; must be taken with fat | memory support, anxiety reduction, mood lift, creativity, verbal fluency |
| Armodafinil | supplements | wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical range 50-250 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| Ashwagandha | supplements | herb, adaptogen, stress modulator | Days to weeks for stress and sleep effects; some calming may be same-day | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day depending on standardization | stress reduction, sleep support, anxiety reduction, cortisol modulation |
| B-Vitamins | supplements | vitamin, cofactor, methylation support | Hours to weeks depending on deficiency and vitamin | Use RDA-range or targeted dosing unless deficiency is documented; high-dose B6 and niacin require caution | energy metabolism, methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, myelin support |
| Berberine | supplements | herb, alkaloid, metabolic, AMPK activator | Metabolic effects in 2–4 weeks; gut microbiome changes begin within days | Typical: 500 mg 2–3x/day with meals; total 1,000–1,500 mg/day | blood glucose regulation, metabolic health, gut microbiome support, mild antidepressant, cardiovascular support |
| Beta-Caryophyllene | supplements | terpene, CB2 agonist, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 50–500 mg/day; most studies use 50–200 mg | anti-inflammatory, anxiety reduction, pain modulation, neuroprotection, mood support |
| BPN-14770 | peptides | PDE4D inhibitor, cAMP modulator, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 1-3 hours based on mechanism | Clinical trials in progress; no established consumer dose | memory enhancement, CREB activation, BDNF upregulation, learning support |
| Caffeine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine, adenosine antagonist | 15-60 minutes; faster in gum or liquid, slower with food | Typical: 25-200 mg per serving; many adults should stay at or below about 400 mg/day from all sources | wakefulness, vigilance, reaction time, reduced perceived effort |
| CBD | supplements | cannabinoid, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, sleep support | 30-90 minutes (oral); faster sublingual or inhaled | 10–150 mg/day depending on target; anxiety/sleep often 25–75 mg; higher doses for specific conditions | anxiety reduction, sleep support, anti-inflammatory, mood stabilization, pain modulation |
| Chai | supplements | tea, caffeine source, polyphenol blend | 15-60 minutes depending on caffeine dose, milk/food, and brew strength | Typical: 1-3 cups/day; caffeine varies widely by tea amount and steeping | warm stimulation, mood lift, digestion support, calm focus |
| Choline | supplements | essential nutrient, choline source, methyl donor | Hours for acute intake; weeks for deficiency correction | Adequate intake often cited around 425-550 mg/day for adults; supplement doses vary widely by form | acetylcholine synthesis, membrane support, methylation, liver fat metabolism |
| Citicoline | supplements | choline source, nucleotide, membrane support | 1-3 hours for acute subjective effects; weeks for membrane-related support | Typical: 250-500 mg/day; clinical protocols may use 500-2,000 mg/day | attention, acetylcholine support, membrane repair, mental energy |
| Coluracetam | peptides | racetam, HACU enhancer, cholinergic, possible anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 3–20 mg per dose; far more potent by weight than classical racetams | memory support, choline uptake enhancement, mood support, visual sharpness |
| Cortexin | peptides | peptide mixture, neuroprotective agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical use | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neuroprotection, neurorecovery, cognitive impairment support |
| Creatine | supplements | energy metabolism, amino acid derivative, ergogenic aid | Days to weeks depending on loading; some acute fatigue benefits may occur sooner | Typical: 3-5 g/day creatine monohydrate; optional loading 20 g/day split for 5-7 days | ATP buffering, exercise performance, fatigue resistance, brain energy support |
| Diet | basics | foundation, nutrition, metabolic support | Meals affect energy within minutes to hours; body-composition and micronutrient changes build over weeks to months | Protein, fiber-rich plants, adequate calories, essential fats, and micronutrient sufficiency adjusted to goals and health status | stable energy, neurotransmitter precursors, metabolic health, inflammation control, micronutrient sufficiency |
| DMAE | supplements | choline analog, cholinergic support, membrane support | 30-120 minutes in user reports; cumulative claims are uncertain | Typical supplement range: 100-500 mg/day, but evidence is limited | focus claims, cholinergic tone, mental clarity, skin/anti-aging marketing |
| Electrolytes | basics | foundation, mineral, hydration | Minutes to hours when imbalance or sweat loss is present | Context-dependent; sodium and potassium should reflect diet, sweat, blood pressure, kidney function, and medications | hydration, nerve conduction, muscle function, blood pressure stability, exercise performance |
| Folate & 5-Methylfolate | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, one-carbon metabolism | Days to weeks for mood/energy if low; blood markers shift over weeks | Typical: 400-1,000 mcg DFE/day; medical L-methylfolate can be much higher and clinician-directed | methylation, homocysteine regulation, mood support, DNA synthesis |
| Forskolin | supplements | herb, adenylate cyclase activator, cAMP booster, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute cAMP elevation; cognitive effects may require consistent use | Typical: 25–50 mg standardized extract (10–20% forskolin) per dose; CILTEP protocol: 2–4 mg pure forskolin | memory enhancement, cognitive processing, cAMP elevation, motivation, focus |
| GABA | supplements | amino acid derivative, inhibitory neurotransmitter, calming agent | 30-60 minutes if subjectively active | Typical: 100-750 mg; lower doses first | calming, sleep support, stress reduction |
| Ginkgo Biloba | supplements | herb, vascular support, antioxidant | Weeks for cognitive/vascular effects | Typical standardized extract: 120-240 mg/day | blood flow, memory support, antioxidant support, tinnitus/circulation research |
| Glycine | supplements | amino acid, inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep support | 30-90 minutes for sleep temperature and calming effects | Typical: 2-5 g before bed; smaller doses can be used in daytime | sleep quality, calming, body temperature regulation, collagen support |
| Guarana | supplements | herb, caffeine source, stimulant | 30-90 minutes | Dose by caffeine content; products vary widely | wakefulness, energy, reaction time, fatigue reduction |
| Huperzine A | supplements | acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, alkaloid, cholinergic | 30-90 minutes | Typical supplement range: 50-200 mcg; cycling is commonly used because effects can accumulate | acetylcholine preservation, memory support, lucidity, focus |
| Inositol | supplements | sugar alcohol, second messenger, metabolic support | Days to weeks for anxiety/metabolic effects | Typical: 2-4 g/day for metabolic support; psychiatric studies used higher doses under supervision | anxiety support, insulin signaling, mood support, PCOS support |
| Kava | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, GABA modulator, social lubricant | 30–60 minutes for onset; peak effects 1–2 hours | Typical: 70–250 mg kavalactones per session; noble kava root powder: 1–4 tablespoons in traditional preparation | anxiety reduction, social ease, muscle relaxation, mild euphoria, sleep support |
| Kratom | controlled substances | opioid receptor active herb, stimulant-sedative botanical | 15-60 minutes orally | No nootropic dosing recommended; product potency and legality vary | pain relief, stimulation at low exposure, sedation at higher exposure, mood alteration |
| L-Theanine | supplements | amino acid, relaxant, tea constituent | 30-60 minutes | Typical: 100-400 mg/day; common acute pairing with caffeine is 100-200 mg | calm focus, reduced caffeine jitter, stress resilience, alpha-wave support |
| L-Tyrosine | supplements | amino acid, catecholamine precursor | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg acute; higher research doses are weight-based and context-specific | stress cognition, working memory under pressure, dopamine precursor support, fatigue resistance |
| Lemon Balm | supplements | herb, calming agent, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for acute calming; days to weeks for stress patterns | Typical: 300-1,200 mg/day extract or tea; extract strength varies | anxiety reduction, calm focus, sleep support, mood support |
| Lions Mane | supplements | mushroom, neurotrophic support | Weeks to months for possible nerve-growth or cognitive effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day depending on fruiting body/mycelium and extract strength | neurotrophic support, memory support, mood support, nerve health |
| Lithium | supplements | trace mineral, mood stabilizer, neuroprotective ion | Weeks for mood-stabilizing effects; trace-dose effects are subtle | Trace supplemental lithium often 1-5 mg elemental; prescription lithium uses much higher monitored doses | mood stability, impulsivity reduction, neuroprotective signaling, circadian support |
| LSD | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist | Usually 30-90 minutes orally | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is tightly controlled | altered perception, cognitive flexibility, emotional salience, mystical-type experiences |
| Magnesium | supplements | mineral, electrolyte, NMDA modulator | Hours to days for muscle relaxation or bowel effects; weeks for deficiency repletion | Typical supplemental elemental magnesium: 100-400 mg/day; upper limit from supplements is often cited around 350 mg/day unless medically supervised | sleep quality, relaxation, muscle function, stress resilience, NMDA modulation |
| Marijuana | controlled substances | cannabinoid, controlled substance, intoxicant | Inhaled: minutes; oral: 30-120 minutes | Legal/medical dosing varies by jurisdiction and product; no general nootropic dosing is recommended | relaxation, pain modulation, appetite, altered perception, sleepiness |
| Matcha | supplements | tea, caffeine source, theanine source, polyphenol | 15-60 minutes for caffeine/theanine; chronic polyphenol effects are weeks-scale | Typical: 1-3 g powder per serving, often 1-2 servings/day | calm focus, wakefulness, mood support, antioxidant support |
| Methylene Blue | peptides | redox agent, mitochondrial modulator, synthetic dye | 30-120 minutes in anecdotal low-dose use; medical effects depend on route and indication | No casual nootropic standard; medical dosing and low-dose research use are very different | mitochondrial support, mental energy, redox cycling, neuroprotection research |
| Modafinil | controlled substances | Schedule IV wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical dose is often 100-200 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| Mucuna Pruriens | supplements | herb, dopamine precursor, L-DOPA source | 30-120 minutes | Dose by L-DOPA content; casual use is risky and should be conservative | dopamine precursor, motivation, mood, motor activation |
| NAC & Glutathione | supplements | amino acid derivative, antioxidant, glutamate modulator | Hours for mucolytic/redox effects; weeks for compulsive or inflammatory outcomes | Typical NAC: 600-1,800 mg/day; glutathione dosing varies by form | glutathione support, oxidative stress reduction, glutamate regulation, respiratory mucus support |
| Neboglamine | peptides | NMDA glycine-site modulator, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 30-90 minutes based on mechanism | Not established; no approved human dose | NMDA receptor modulation, memory support, cognitive function in impairment |
| Nefiracetam | peptides | racetam, PKC/PKA modulator, cholinergic, neuroprotective | 30-60 minutes | 150–450 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses | memory support, neuroprotection, mood support, learning |
| NSI-189 | peptides | experimental neurogenic compound, antidepressant research compound | Weeks in mood/neurogenesis research contexts | Investigational; no approved nootropic dosing | mood research, hippocampal neurogenesis research, cognitive support claims |
| Oleamide | supplements | fatty acid amide, endocannabinoid-related, sleep-inducing lipid, GABAergic modulator | 30-90 minutes | 100–600 mg taken 30-60 minutes before sleep | sleep induction, sleep quality, GABAergic calming, mood modulation |
| Omega-3 Fish Oil | supplements | fatty acid, membrane support, anti-inflammatory | Weeks to months for membrane and inflammation changes | Typical: 1-3 g/day combined EPA+DHA; higher medical doses require supervision | membrane fluidity, inflammation resolution, mood support, cardiometabolic support |
| Oxytocin | peptides | peptide hormone, social cognition modulator | Minutes to an hour depending on route; context strongly shapes effects | Prescription/clinical use only; no general nootropic dosing | social salience, bonding, trust/context effects, stress modulation |
| Panax Ginseng | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 1-6 hours acutely; weeks for tonic effects | Typical extract: 200-400 mg/day standardized to ginsenosides; root doses vary | mental energy, fatigue resistance, stress resilience, glucose support |
| Passionflower | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for calming; days to weeks for anxiety patterns | Typical: tea, tincture, or 250-1,000 mg/day extract depending on preparation | anxiety reduction, sleep support, calming, withdrawal-support research |
| PE-22-28 | peptides | peptide, TREK-1 modulator, experimental antidepressant peptide | Preclinical rapid-onset antidepressant effects over days; human onset unknown | No established safe human dosing; preclinical research peptide | mood research, neurogenesis research, stress resilience research, neuroplasticity |
| Phenibut | controlled substances | GABA-B agonist, gabapentinoid-like, anxiolytic | 2-4 hours orally; slow onset encourages accidental redosing | No safe casual range; dependence and withdrawal risk dominate practical use | anxiety reduction, sociability, sleep support, euphoria |
| Phosphatidylserine | supplements | phospholipid, membrane support, stress support | Days to weeks; acute cortisol effects may be same-day in exercise contexts | Typical: 100-300 mg/day | memory support, stress response, membrane support, exercise recovery |
| Piracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-90 minutes | 1.6–4.8 g/day in 2-3 divided doses; prescription medication in some countries | memory support, verbal fluency, focus, mental clarity |
| Psilocybin | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist, tryptamine | Usually 20-60 minutes orally depending on preparation and stomach contents | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is supervised and screened | altered perception, emotional processing, cognitive flexibility, mystical-type experiences |
| Racetams | peptides | racetam class, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-120 minutes for acute racetams; days to weeks for some cumulative effects | Varies by compound; legal and medical status differ by country | memory support, learning, focus, sensory clarity |
| Rhodiola Rosea | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 30-120 minutes for acute fatigue; days to weeks for stress resilience | Typical extract: 100-400 mg/day standardized to rosavins and salidroside | fatigue resistance, stress resilience, mood support, mental stamina |
| Ritalin | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | IR: about 20-60 minutes; ER forms vary | Prescription only; clinician-directed dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, attention, impulse control, wakefulness |
| Saffron | supplements | herb, serotonin modulator, antidepressant herb | 2–6 weeks for mood effects; some calming effects within hours | Typical: 28–30 mg/day of standardized extract (Affron); some trials use 88 mg/day | mood support, anxiety reduction, antidepressant, PMS relief, appetite modulation |
| Selank | peptides | peptide, anxiolytic, immune-neuroendocrine modulator | 15-60 minutes in intranasal reports; stress effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | anxiety reduction, calm focus, stress resilience, mood support |
| Sleep | basics | foundation, circadian rhythm, recovery | Same night for acute sleep pressure; 1-3 weeks for circadian stabilization | Most adults: 7-9 hours nightly, consistent wake time, morning light, dark/cool evening environment | memory consolidation, attention, mood stability, glymphatic clearance, hormonal regulation |
| St. Johns Wort | supplements | herb, antidepressant herb, serotonin modulator | 2–6 weeks for antidepressant effect; acute mild calming possible | Typical: 300 mg 3x/day (900 mg/day total) standardized to 0.3% hypericin and 1–4% hyperforin | antidepressant, anxiety reduction, mood elevation, mild sedation, PMS support |
| Sugar | basics | foundation, nutrition, energy substrate | Minutes to hours depending on carbohydrate type and meal context | No nootropic dose; match carbohydrate intake to activity, metabolic health, and glucose tolerance | acute energy, exercise support, mood stability when low, cognitive support during hypoglycemia |
| Taurine | supplements | amino sulfonic acid, osmolyte, calming support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day | calm energy, osmoregulation, cardiovascular support, GABA/glycine modulation |
| Theacrine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine analog, adenosine antagonist | 45–75 minutes | Typical: 100–200 mg/day; some protocols use 200–300 mg for stronger effect | wakefulness, energy, mood elevation, motivation, reduced fatigue |
| Theobromine | supplements | methylxanthine, mild stimulant, vasodilator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 100-500 mg from cocoa or supplements; sensitivity varies | mild stimulation, mood support, vasodilation, smooth energy |
| Thiamine (B1) | supplements | vitamin, mitochondrial cofactor, glucose metabolism | Days to weeks when deficient; acute energy changes are possible in severe depletion | Typical: RDA-level to 50-300 mg/day; benfotiamine/TTFD dosing varies by form and indication | glucose metabolism, mental energy, nerve support, deficiency correction |
| Tropisetron | peptides | 5-HT3 antagonist, alpha-7 nAChR partial agonist, antiemetic, cognitive research compound | 30-60 minutes | 5–10 mg/day (antiemetic clinical dose); lower doses studied for cognition (1–5 mg/day) | cognitive support in impairment, cholinergic modulation, nausea prevention, attention support |
| Uridine | supplements | nucleoside, membrane support, dopamine modulation | Days to weeks for mood/membrane effects; acute effects are subtle | Typical UMP: 150-500 mg/day; triacetyluridine uses lower dosing due to potency | membrane synthesis, mood support, dopamine receptor support, synaptic support |
| Valerian Root | supplements | herb, sleep support, GABAergic calming | 30-120 minutes for sedation; sleep-quality trials often use repeated dosing | Typical: 300-600 mg extract before bed or tea preparations; standardization varies | sleep support, anxiety reduction, sedation, sleep onset |
| Vinpocetine | supplements | herb, cerebrovascular agent, PDE1 inhibitor, nootropic | 30–90 minutes for cerebrovascular effects; cognitive benefits over weeks of use | Typical: 5–10 mg 3x/day (15–30 mg/day total); some protocols use up to 60 mg/day | cerebral blood flow enhancement, memory support, neuroprotection, cognitive processing speed, anti-inflammatory |
| Vitamin B12 | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, myelin support | Days to weeks for energy/mood if deficient; nerve recovery can take months | Typical: 250-1,000 mcg/day oral/sublingual for support; injections are medical and indication-specific | myelin support, methylation, energy metabolism, homocysteine regulation |
| Vitamin B6 | supplements | vitamin, neurotransmitter cofactor, amino acid metabolism | Days to weeks for deficiency; acute effects vary with neurotransmitter precursor stacks | Typical: RDA-level to 5-25 mg/day; chronic high-dose use can cause neuropathy | neurotransmitter synthesis, GABA synthesis, serotonin and dopamine synthesis, homocysteine metabolism |
| Vitamin D | supplements | vitamin, hormone precursor, immune support | Weeks to months for serum repletion | Typical: 1,000-4,000 IU/day D3 depending on labs, sun, diet, and clinician guidance | mood support, immune regulation, bone health, hormonal modulation |
| Water | basics | foundation, hydration | Minutes to hours when dehydration is present | Use thirst, urine color, activity, climate, and electrolytes; avoid both dehydration and forced overhydration | attention, headache reduction, thermoregulation, blood volume, physical performance |
| Zinc | supplements | mineral, essential trace element, cofactor | Days to weeks depending on degree of deficiency and form used | Typical: 15–30 mg/day elemental zinc; RDA is 8–11 mg/day; therapeutic: up to 40 mg/day; do not exceed UL of 40 mg/day long-term without copper cofactor | cognitive function support, testosterone support, immune function, mood regulation, NMDA modulation |
Sleep Support
Main page: Sleep Support
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTP | supplements | amino acid derivative, serotonin precursor | 30-120 minutes for acute effects; mood effects may take days to weeks | Typical: 50-200 mg/day; avoid combining with serotonergic medications unless supervised | mood support, sleep support, appetite modulation, serotonin precursor |
| Ashwagandha | supplements | herb, adaptogen, stress modulator | Days to weeks for stress and sleep effects; some calming may be same-day | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day depending on standardization | stress reduction, sleep support, anxiety reduction, cortisol modulation |
| CBD | supplements | cannabinoid, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, sleep support | 30-90 minutes (oral); faster sublingual or inhaled | 10–150 mg/day depending on target; anxiety/sleep often 25–75 mg; higher doses for specific conditions | anxiety reduction, sleep support, anti-inflammatory, mood stabilization, pain modulation |
| Epithalon | peptides | tetrapeptide, longevity research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are long-term | No approved nootropic dosing; research/clinical protocols vary by country | circadian/aging research, telomerase claims, sleep rhythm claims |
| GABA | supplements | amino acid derivative, inhibitory neurotransmitter, calming agent | 30-60 minutes if subjectively active | Typical: 100-750 mg; lower doses first | calming, sleep support, stress reduction |
| Glycine | supplements | amino acid, inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep support | 30-90 minutes for sleep temperature and calming effects | Typical: 2-5 g before bed; smaller doses can be used in daytime | sleep quality, calming, body temperature regulation, collagen support |
| Kava | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, GABA modulator, social lubricant | 30–60 minutes for onset; peak effects 1–2 hours | Typical: 70–250 mg kavalactones per session; noble kava root powder: 1–4 tablespoons in traditional preparation | anxiety reduction, social ease, muscle relaxation, mild euphoria, sleep support |
| L-Theanine | supplements | amino acid, relaxant, tea constituent | 30-60 minutes | Typical: 100-400 mg/day; common acute pairing with caffeine is 100-200 mg | calm focus, reduced caffeine jitter, stress resilience, alpha-wave support |
| Lemon Balm | supplements | herb, calming agent, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for acute calming; days to weeks for stress patterns | Typical: 300-1,200 mg/day extract or tea; extract strength varies | anxiety reduction, calm focus, sleep support, mood support |
| Magnesium | supplements | mineral, electrolyte, NMDA modulator | Hours to days for muscle relaxation or bowel effects; weeks for deficiency repletion | Typical supplemental elemental magnesium: 100-400 mg/day; upper limit from supplements is often cited around 350 mg/day unless medically supervised | sleep quality, relaxation, muscle function, stress resilience, NMDA modulation |
| Magnesium L-Threonate | supplements | mineral, magnesium form, nootropic mineral | Sleep effects within days; memory and cognitive effects accumulate over 4–8 weeks | Typical: 1,000–2,000 mg/day Magtein (providing ~144–288 mg elemental Mg); often split AM/PM | memory enhancement, synaptic density improvement, sleep quality, anxiety reduction, cognitive aging protection |
| Marijuana | controlled substances | cannabinoid, controlled substance, intoxicant | Inhaled: minutes; oral: 30-120 minutes | Legal/medical dosing varies by jurisdiction and product; no general nootropic dosing is recommended | relaxation, pain modulation, appetite, altered perception, sleepiness |
| Melatonin | supplements | hormone, chronobiotic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes depending on timing and formulation | Typical: 0.3-5 mg; lower doses often work better for circadian timing | circadian phase shifting, sleep onset support, jet lag support, antioxidant signaling |
| Oleamide | supplements | fatty acid amide, endocannabinoid-related, sleep-inducing lipid, GABAergic modulator | 30-90 minutes | 100–600 mg taken 30-60 minutes before sleep | sleep induction, sleep quality, GABAergic calming, mood modulation |
| Passionflower | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for calming; days to weeks for anxiety patterns | Typical: tea, tincture, or 250-1,000 mg/day extract depending on preparation | anxiety reduction, sleep support, calming, withdrawal-support research |
| Phenibut | controlled substances | GABA-B agonist, gabapentinoid-like, anxiolytic | 2-4 hours orally; slow onset encourages accidental redosing | No safe casual range; dependence and withdrawal risk dominate practical use | anxiety reduction, sociability, sleep support, euphoria |
| Reishi | supplements | mushroom, adaptogen, immune modulator, sleep support | Hours for calming in some users; weeks for tonic immune/stress effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or 1-5 g/day powder depending on strength | calming, sleep support, immune modulation, stress resilience |
| Selank | peptides | peptide, anxiolytic, immune-neuroendocrine modulator | 15-60 minutes in intranasal reports; stress effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | anxiety reduction, calm focus, stress resilience, mood support |
| Sleep | basics | foundation, circadian rhythm, recovery | Same night for acute sleep pressure; 1-3 weeks for circadian stabilization | Most adults: 7-9 hours nightly, consistent wake time, morning light, dark/cool evening environment | memory consolidation, attention, mood stability, glymphatic clearance, hormonal regulation |
| Valerian Root | supplements | herb, sleep support, GABAergic calming | 30-120 minutes for sedation; sleep-quality trials often use repeated dosing | Typical: 300-600 mg extract before bed or tea preparations; standardization varies | sleep support, anxiety reduction, sedation, sleep onset |
Cholinergic System
Main page: Cholinergic System
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-GPC | supplements | choline source, phospholipid, acetylcholine support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 150-600 mg/day; clinical cognitive studies sometimes use 1,200 mg/day under supervision | acetylcholine support, focus, memory support, power output support |
| Aniracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, anxiolytic, cognitive enhancer | 20-45 minutes | 750–1500 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses; must be taken with fat | memory support, anxiety reduction, mood lift, creativity, verbal fluency |
| Bacopa Monnieri | supplements | herb, adaptogen, memory support | Usually 6-12 weeks for memory effects; acute effects may be calming or sedating | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day standardized to bacosides; adjust for extract strength | memory consolidation, stress resilience, learning support, antioxidant support |
| Choline | supplements | essential nutrient, choline source, methyl donor | Hours for acute intake; weeks for deficiency correction | Adequate intake often cited around 425-550 mg/day for adults; supplement doses vary widely by form | acetylcholine synthesis, membrane support, methylation, liver fat metabolism |
| Citicoline | supplements | choline source, nucleotide, membrane support | 1-3 hours for acute subjective effects; weeks for membrane-related support | Typical: 250-500 mg/day; clinical protocols may use 500-2,000 mg/day | attention, acetylcholine support, membrane repair, mental energy |
| Coluracetam | peptides | racetam, HACU enhancer, cholinergic, possible anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 3–20 mg per dose; far more potent by weight than classical racetams | memory support, choline uptake enhancement, mood support, visual sharpness |
| DMAE | supplements | choline analog, cholinergic support, membrane support | 30-120 minutes in user reports; cumulative claims are uncertain | Typical supplement range: 100-500 mg/day, but evidence is limited | focus claims, cholinergic tone, mental clarity, skin/anti-aging marketing |
| Huperzine A | supplements | acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, alkaloid, cholinergic | 30-90 minutes | Typical supplement range: 50-200 mcg; cycling is commonly used because effects can accumulate | acetylcholine preservation, memory support, lucidity, focus |
| Lemon Balm | supplements | herb, calming agent, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for acute calming; days to weeks for stress patterns | Typical: 300-1,200 mg/day extract or tea; extract strength varies | anxiety reduction, calm focus, sleep support, mood support |
| Nefiracetam | peptides | racetam, PKC/PKA modulator, cholinergic, neuroprotective | 30-60 minutes | 150–450 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses | memory support, neuroprotection, mood support, learning |
| Nicotine | controlled substances | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, stimulant, dependence-forming drug | Seconds by inhalation; minutes by gum/lozenge; slower and steadier by patch | Use for cessation should follow product labeling or clinician guidance; no nootropic dosing is recommended | attention, working memory, alertness, reward reinforcement |
| Noopept | peptides | peptide-like compound, racetam-like, neurotrophic modulator | 30-90 minutes acutely; neurotrophic claims would require repeated use | Not FDA-approved; commonly discussed low milligram ranges require caution and product-quality skepticism | memory support, focus, neurotrophic signaling, verbal fluency |
| Oxiracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, stimulating cognitive enhancer | 30-60 minutes | 800–2400 mg/day in 2 divided doses | focus, logical thinking, memory, mental energy, sensory sharpness |
| Pantothenic Acid (B5) | supplements | vitamin, CoA precursor, energy metabolism | Days to weeks; deficiency is rare but can affect fatigue and nerve symptoms | Typical: RDA-level to 100-500 mg/day; pantethine doses vary by lipid/metabolic use | CoA synthesis, acetylcholine support, fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism |
| Phosphatidylcholine | supplements | phospholipid, choline source, membrane support | Hours for digestion and choline availability; weeks for membrane and liver effects | Typical supplemental range: 300-2,400 mg/day phosphatidylcholine, often via lecithin or softgels | membrane support, choline support, liver lipid export, methylation support |
| Piracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-90 minutes | 1.6–4.8 g/day in 2-3 divided doses; prescription medication in some countries | memory support, verbal fluency, focus, mental clarity |
| Pramiracetam | peptides | racetam, cholinergic enhancer, memory-focused cognitive enhancer | 30-60 minutes | 400–1200 mg/day in 2 divided doses; far more potent by weight than piracetam | memory, learning efficiency, focus, information retention |
| Racetams | peptides | racetam class, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-120 minutes for acute racetams; days to weeks for some cumulative effects | Varies by compound; legal and medical status differ by country | memory support, learning, focus, sensory clarity |
| Tropisetron | peptides | 5-HT3 antagonist, alpha-7 nAChR partial agonist, antiemetic, cognitive research compound | 30-60 minutes | 5–10 mg/day (antiemetic clinical dose); lower doses studied for cognition (1–5 mg/day) | cognitive support in impairment, cholinergic modulation, nausea prevention, attention support |
| Uridine | supplements | nucleoside, membrane support, dopamine modulation | Days to weeks for mood/membrane effects; acute effects are subtle | Typical UMP: 150-500 mg/day; triacetyluridine uses lower dosing due to potency | membrane synthesis, mood support, dopamine receptor support, synaptic support |
Mitochondrial & Energy Metabolism
Main page: Mitochondrial & Energy Metabolism
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9-Me-Bc | peptides | beta-carboline, dopaminergic research chemical | Unknown; anecdotal reports vary | No established safe human dosing; experimental research chemical | dopamine neuron research, motivation claims, neuroprotection research |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine | supplements | amino acid derivative, mitochondrial support | 1-3 hours acutely; weeks for fatigue or neuropathy-related outcomes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg/day | mental energy, mitochondrial support, fatty acid transport, neuropathy support |
| Alpha-GPC | supplements | choline source, phospholipid, acetylcholine support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 150-600 mg/day; clinical cognitive studies sometimes use 1,200 mg/day under supervision | acetylcholine support, focus, memory support, power output support |
| B-Vitamins | supplements | vitamin, cofactor, methylation support | Hours to weeks depending on deficiency and vitamin | Use RDA-range or targeted dosing unless deficiency is documented; high-dose B6 and niacin require caution | energy metabolism, methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, myelin support |
| Berberine | supplements | herb, alkaloid, metabolic, AMPK activator | Metabolic effects in 2–4 weeks; gut microbiome changes begin within days | Typical: 500 mg 2–3x/day with meals; total 1,000–1,500 mg/day | blood glucose regulation, metabolic health, gut microbiome support, mild antidepressant, cardiovascular support |
| Biotin (B7) | supplements | vitamin, carboxylase cofactor, metabolic support | Weeks for deficiency correction; little acute nootropic effect when replete | Typical: 30-300 mcg/day; hair/skin products often use much higher milligram doses | carboxylase support, fatty acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, deficiency correction |
| Cerebrolysin | peptides | peptide mixture, neurotrophic agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical protocols | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neurorecovery, neurotrophic support, stroke/TBI research, cognitive impairment support |
| Choline | supplements | essential nutrient, choline source, methyl donor | Hours for acute intake; weeks for deficiency correction | Adequate intake often cited around 425-550 mg/day for adults; supplement doses vary widely by form | acetylcholine synthesis, membrane support, methylation, liver fat metabolism |
| Citicoline | supplements | choline source, nucleotide, membrane support | 1-3 hours for acute subjective effects; weeks for membrane-related support | Typical: 250-500 mg/day; clinical protocols may use 500-2,000 mg/day | attention, acetylcholine support, membrane repair, mental energy |
| CoQ10 | supplements | mitochondrial cofactor, antioxidant, vitamin-like compound | Energy effects may be subtle over 2–4 weeks; antioxidant markers improve sooner | Typical: 100–300 mg/day ubiquinol; 200–600 mg ubiquinone for equivalent effect | mitochondrial energy support, cardiovascular protection, antioxidant defense, fatigue reduction, statin side effect mitigation |
| Cordyceps | supplements | mushroom, energy support, adaptogen | 1-3 hours for energy in some users; weeks for training or tonic effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or powder depending on standardization | energy support, fatigue resistance, exercise support, adaptogenic support |
| Creatine | supplements | energy metabolism, amino acid derivative, ergogenic aid | Days to weeks depending on loading; some acute fatigue benefits may occur sooner | Typical: 3-5 g/day creatine monohydrate; optional loading 20 g/day split for 5-7 days | ATP buffering, exercise performance, fatigue resistance, brain energy support |
| Diet | basics | foundation, nutrition, metabolic support | Meals affect energy within minutes to hours; body-composition and micronutrient changes build over weeks to months | Protein, fiber-rich plants, adequate calories, essential fats, and micronutrient sufficiency adjusted to goals and health status | stable energy, neurotransmitter precursors, metabolic health, inflammation control, micronutrient sufficiency |
| Electrolytes | basics | foundation, mineral, hydration | Minutes to hours when imbalance or sweat loss is present | Context-dependent; sodium and potassium should reflect diet, sweat, blood pressure, kidney function, and medications | hydration, nerve conduction, muscle function, blood pressure stability, exercise performance |
| Epicatechin | supplements | flavanol, vascular support, polyphenol | 1-3 hours for vascular effects; weeks for training adaptations | Typical: 50-200 mg/day epicatechin or cocoa flavanol equivalents | blood flow, endothelial function, exercise support, antioxidant signaling |
| Exercise | basics | foundation, behavioral intervention, metabolic support | Acute mood and blood-flow effects within minutes to hours; structural adaptations over weeks to months | Common target: 150-300 min/week moderate cardio or 75-150 min vigorous cardio plus 2+ resistance sessions/week | executive function, mood, BDNF signaling, insulin sensitivity, vascular health |
| Folate & 5-Methylfolate | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, one-carbon metabolism | Days to weeks for mood/energy if low; blood markers shift over weeks | Typical: 400-1,000 mcg DFE/day; medical L-methylfolate can be much higher and clinician-directed | methylation, homocysteine regulation, mood support, DNA synthesis |
| Inositol | supplements | sugar alcohol, second messenger, metabolic support | Days to weeks for anxiety/metabolic effects | Typical: 2-4 g/day for metabolic support; psychiatric studies used higher doses under supervision | anxiety support, insulin signaling, mood support, PCOS support |
| L-Citrulline | supplements | amino acid, nitric oxide support, vascular support | 30-120 minutes for blood-flow effects | Typical: 3-6 g L-citrulline or 6-8 g citrulline malate pre-exercise | blood flow, exercise performance, nitric oxide support, reduced fatigue |
| Magnesium | supplements | mineral, electrolyte, NMDA modulator | Hours to days for muscle relaxation or bowel effects; weeks for deficiency repletion | Typical supplemental elemental magnesium: 100-400 mg/day; upper limit from supplements is often cited around 350 mg/day unless medically supervised | sleep quality, relaxation, muscle function, stress resilience, NMDA modulation |
| Maitake | supplements | mushroom, beta-glucan, immune/metabolic support | Weeks for immune/metabolic effects; acute cognitive effects are subtle | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day powder/extract; D-fraction products vary | immune modulation, metabolic support, neuroprotection research, anti-inflammatory support |
| Methylene Blue | peptides | redox agent, mitochondrial modulator, synthetic dye | 30-120 minutes in anecdotal low-dose use; medical effects depend on route and indication | No casual nootropic standard; medical dosing and low-dose research use are very different | mitochondrial support, mental energy, redox cycling, neuroprotection research |
| NAD | supplements | metabolic cofactor, vitamin B3 pathway, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks for energy markers; acute effects vary by form and route | Typical oral precursor ranges: NR or NMN often 250-1,000 mg/day; niacin/niacinamide ranges differ and have distinct safety profiles | cellular energy, sirtuin substrate support, DNA repair support, metabolic resilience |
| Niacin (B3) | supplements | vitamin, NAD precursor, redox cofactor | Minutes for flushing from nicotinic acid; days to weeks for NAD-related nutritional effects | Typical nutritional range: RDA to 50 mg/day; high-dose lipid protocols are medical and not casual nootropic dosing | NAD support, energy metabolism, redox support, skin and nervous system deficiency correction |
| Nitrates | supplements | vascular support, nitric oxide precursor | 2-3 hours for peak nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide conversion | Typical: 300-600 mg nitrate from beetroot products; food servings vary | blood flow, exercise efficiency, blood pressure support, endothelial function |
| Panax Ginseng | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 1-6 hours acutely; weeks for tonic effects | Typical extract: 200-400 mg/day standardized to ginsenosides; root doses vary | mental energy, fatigue resistance, stress resilience, glucose support |
| Pantothenic Acid (B5) | supplements | vitamin, CoA precursor, energy metabolism | Days to weeks; deficiency is rare but can affect fatigue and nerve symptoms | Typical: RDA-level to 100-500 mg/day; pantethine doses vary by lipid/metabolic use | CoA synthesis, acetylcholine support, fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism |
| Phosphatidylcholine | supplements | phospholipid, choline source, membrane support | Hours for digestion and choline availability; weeks for membrane and liver effects | Typical supplemental range: 300-2,400 mg/day phosphatidylcholine, often via lecithin or softgels | membrane support, choline support, liver lipid export, methylation support |
| Phosphatidylserine | supplements | phospholipid, membrane support, stress support | Days to weeks; acute cortisol effects may be same-day in exercise contexts | Typical: 100-300 mg/day | memory support, stress response, membrane support, exercise recovery |
| PQQ | supplements | redox cofactor, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 10-20 mg/day | mitochondrial biogenesis support, antioxidant signaling, fatigue support |
| Resveratrol | supplements | polyphenol, antioxidant signaling, sirtuin modulator | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 100-500 mg/day; higher doses increase GI and interaction issues | antioxidant signaling, vascular support, metabolic support, healthy aging pathways |
| Riboflavin (B2) | supplements | vitamin, redox cofactor, mitochondrial cofactor | Days to weeks for deficiency; migraine protocols are evaluated over months | Typical: RDA-level to 25-100 mg/day; migraine studies often use 400 mg/day under guidance | mitochondrial redox support, migraine support, methylation support, antioxidant recycling |
| Shiitake | supplements | mushroom, food, beta-glucan | Weeks for immune/gut effects; food effects are meal-context dependent | Food servings or 500-3,000 mg/day extract depending on product | immune support, gut-brain support, anti-inflammatory support, food-based micronutrients |
| Sugar | basics | foundation, nutrition, energy substrate | Minutes to hours depending on carbohydrate type and meal context | No nootropic dose; match carbohydrate intake to activity, metabolic health, and glucose tolerance | acute energy, exercise support, mood stability when low, cognitive support during hypoglycemia |
| Sulforaphane | supplements | herb, isothiocyanate, Nrf2 activator, antioxidant | Antioxidant gene expression within 24–48 hours; systemic anti-inflammatory effects over weeks | Typical: 10–40 mg sulforaphane equivalent/day; broccoli sprout extract varies widely | antioxidant defense, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, detoxification support, gut health |
| Taurine | supplements | amino sulfonic acid, osmolyte, calming support | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day | calm energy, osmoregulation, cardiovascular support, GABA/glycine modulation |
| Testosterone & Anabolics | controlled substances | Schedule III hormone, androgen, anabolic steroid | Weeks for mood/libido/body-composition changes; ester kinetics vary | Prescription-only for diagnosed conditions; no nonmedical dosing guidance | libido, motivation, muscle mass, mood, red blood cell production |
| Thiamine (B1) | supplements | vitamin, mitochondrial cofactor, glucose metabolism | Days to weeks when deficient; acute energy changes are possible in severe depletion | Typical: RDA-level to 50-300 mg/day; benfotiamine/TTFD dosing varies by form and indication | glucose metabolism, mental energy, nerve support, deficiency correction |
| Uridine | supplements | nucleoside, membrane support, dopamine modulation | Days to weeks for mood/membrane effects; acute effects are subtle | Typical UMP: 150-500 mg/day; triacetyluridine uses lower dosing due to potency | membrane synthesis, mood support, dopamine receptor support, synaptic support |
| Vinpocetine | supplements | herb, cerebrovascular agent, PDE1 inhibitor, nootropic | 30–90 minutes for cerebrovascular effects; cognitive benefits over weeks of use | Typical: 5–10 mg 3x/day (15–30 mg/day total); some protocols use up to 60 mg/day | cerebral blood flow enhancement, memory support, neuroprotection, cognitive processing speed, anti-inflammatory |
| Vitamin B12 | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, myelin support | Days to weeks for energy/mood if deficient; nerve recovery can take months | Typical: 250-1,000 mcg/day oral/sublingual for support; injections are medical and indication-specific | myelin support, methylation, energy metabolism, homocysteine regulation |
| Vitamin B6 | supplements | vitamin, neurotransmitter cofactor, amino acid metabolism | Days to weeks for deficiency; acute effects vary with neurotransmitter precursor stacks | Typical: RDA-level to 5-25 mg/day; chronic high-dose use can cause neuropathy | neurotransmitter synthesis, GABA synthesis, serotonin and dopamine synthesis, homocysteine metabolism |
| Water | basics | foundation, hydration | Minutes to hours when dehydration is present | Use thirst, urine color, activity, climate, and electrolytes; avoid both dehydration and forced overhydration | attention, headache reduction, thermoregulation, blood volume, physical performance |
Glutamate, AMPA, NMDA Modulation
Main page: Glutamate, AMPA, NMDA Modulation
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACD-856 | peptides | GABA-A modulator, alpha-5 NAM, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 30-90 minutes based on similar compounds | Not established for humans; no approved clinical dose | memory enhancement, hippocampal LTP support, learning, cognitive sharpening |
| Agmatine Sulfate | supplements | arginine metabolite, neuromodulator, nitric oxide modulator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 250-1,000 mg/day | mood support, pain modulation, glutamate modulation, vascular modulation |
| Aniracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, anxiolytic, cognitive enhancer | 20-45 minutes | 750–1500 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses; must be taken with fat | memory support, anxiety reduction, mood lift, creativity, verbal fluency |
| Coluracetam | peptides | racetam, HACU enhancer, cholinergic, possible anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 3–20 mg per dose; far more potent by weight than classical racetams | memory support, choline uptake enhancement, mood support, visual sharpness |
| Dihexa | peptides | angiotensin IV analog, experimental neurogenic compound | Unknown in humans | No established safe human dosing; experimental research compound | synaptogenesis research, neurotrophic signaling, memory research |
| Glycine | supplements | amino acid, inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep support | 30-90 minutes for sleep temperature and calming effects | Typical: 2-5 g before bed; smaller doses can be used in daytime | sleep quality, calming, body temperature regulation, collagen support |
| Huperzine A | supplements | acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, alkaloid, cholinergic | 30-90 minutes | Typical supplement range: 50-200 mcg; cycling is commonly used because effects can accumulate | acetylcholine preservation, memory support, lucidity, focus |
| L-Theanine | supplements | amino acid, relaxant, tea constituent | 30-60 minutes | Typical: 100-400 mg/day; common acute pairing with caffeine is 100-200 mg | calm focus, reduced caffeine jitter, stress resilience, alpha-wave support |
| LSD | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist | Usually 30-90 minutes orally | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is tightly controlled | altered perception, cognitive flexibility, emotional salience, mystical-type experiences |
| Magnesium | supplements | mineral, electrolyte, NMDA modulator | Hours to days for muscle relaxation or bowel effects; weeks for deficiency repletion | Typical supplemental elemental magnesium: 100-400 mg/day; upper limit from supplements is often cited around 350 mg/day unless medically supervised | sleep quality, relaxation, muscle function, stress resilience, NMDA modulation |
| Magnesium L-Threonate | supplements | mineral, magnesium form, nootropic mineral | Sleep effects within days; memory and cognitive effects accumulate over 4–8 weeks | Typical: 1,000–2,000 mg/day Magtein (providing ~144–288 mg elemental Mg); often split AM/PM | memory enhancement, synaptic density improvement, sleep quality, anxiety reduction, cognitive aging protection |
| NAC & Glutathione | supplements | amino acid derivative, antioxidant, glutamate modulator | Hours for mucolytic/redox effects; weeks for compulsive or inflammatory outcomes | Typical NAC: 600-1,800 mg/day; glutathione dosing varies by form | glutathione support, oxidative stress reduction, glutamate regulation, respiratory mucus support |
| Neboglamine | peptides | NMDA glycine-site modulator, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 30-90 minutes based on mechanism | Not established; no approved human dose | NMDA receptor modulation, memory support, cognitive function in impairment |
| Nefiracetam | peptides | racetam, PKC/PKA modulator, cholinergic, neuroprotective | 30-60 minutes | 150–450 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses | memory support, neuroprotection, mood support, learning |
| Noopept | peptides | peptide-like compound, racetam-like, neurotrophic modulator | 30-90 minutes acutely; neurotrophic claims would require repeated use | Not FDA-approved; commonly discussed low milligram ranges require caution and product-quality skepticism | memory support, focus, neurotrophic signaling, verbal fluency |
| Oxiracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, stimulating cognitive enhancer | 30-60 minutes | 800–2400 mg/day in 2 divided doses | focus, logical thinking, memory, mental energy, sensory sharpness |
| PE-22-28 | peptides | peptide, TREK-1 modulator, experimental antidepressant peptide | Preclinical rapid-onset antidepressant effects over days; human onset unknown | No established safe human dosing; preclinical research peptide | mood research, neurogenesis research, stress resilience research, neuroplasticity |
| Phenylpiracetam | peptides | racetam, stimulant-adjacent, cognitive enhancer, physical performance | 30-60 minutes | 100–200 mg per dose; max 2-3 times per week to limit tolerance | physical energy, focus, motivation, cold tolerance, mental drive |
| Piracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-90 minutes | 1.6–4.8 g/day in 2-3 divided doses; prescription medication in some countries | memory support, verbal fluency, focus, mental clarity |
| Pramiracetam | peptides | racetam, cholinergic enhancer, memory-focused cognitive enhancer | 30-60 minutes | 400–1200 mg/day in 2 divided doses; far more potent by weight than piracetam | memory, learning efficiency, focus, information retention |
| Psilocybin | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist, tryptamine | Usually 20-60 minutes orally depending on preparation and stomach contents | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is supervised and screened | altered perception, emotional processing, cognitive flexibility, mystical-type experiences |
| Racetams | peptides | racetam class, AMPA modulator, cognitive enhancer | 30-120 minutes for acute racetams; days to weeks for some cumulative effects | Varies by compound; legal and medical status differ by country | memory support, learning, focus, sensory clarity |
| Zinc | supplements | mineral, essential trace element, cofactor | Days to weeks depending on degree of deficiency and form used | Typical: 15–30 mg/day elemental zinc; RDA is 8–11 mg/day; therapeutic: up to 40 mg/day; do not exceed UL of 40 mg/day long-term without copper cofactor | cognitive function support, testosterone support, immune function, mood regulation, NMDA modulation |
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Protection
Main page: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Protection
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacopa Monnieri | supplements | herb, adaptogen, memory support | Usually 6-12 weeks for memory effects; acute effects may be calming or sedating | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day standardized to bacosides; adjust for extract strength | memory consolidation, stress resilience, learning support, antioxidant support |
| Berberine | supplements | herb, alkaloid, metabolic, AMPK activator | Metabolic effects in 2–4 weeks; gut microbiome changes begin within days | Typical: 500 mg 2–3x/day with meals; total 1,000–1,500 mg/day | blood glucose regulation, metabolic health, gut microbiome support, mild antidepressant, cardiovascular support |
| Beta-Caryophyllene | supplements | terpene, CB2 agonist, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 50–500 mg/day; most studies use 50–200 mg | anti-inflammatory, anxiety reduction, pain modulation, neuroprotection, mood support |
| BPC-157 | peptides | peptide, tissue repair research chemical | Unclear in humans; tissue effects would be days to weeks | No approved human nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use is not standardized | tissue repair research, gut barrier support claims, anti-inflammatory signaling, injury recovery claims |
| Cat’s Claw | supplements | herb, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator | Days to weeks for inflammatory or immune effects | Typical: 250-1,000 mg/day extract or tea-style preparations; standardization varies | anti-inflammatory support, immune modulation, joint comfort, neuroprotection research |
| CBD | supplements | cannabinoid, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, sleep support | 30-90 minutes (oral); faster sublingual or inhaled | 10–150 mg/day depending on target; anxiety/sleep often 25–75 mg; higher doses for specific conditions | anxiety reduction, sleep support, anti-inflammatory, mood stabilization, pain modulation |
| Cerebrolysin | peptides | peptide mixture, neurotrophic agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical protocols | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neurorecovery, neurotrophic support, stroke/TBI research, cognitive impairment support |
| Chaga | supplements | mushroom, antioxidant, immune support | Days to weeks; acute cognitive effects are usually minimal | Typical: tea/decoction or 500-2,000 mg/day extract; oxalate load matters | antioxidant support, immune modulation, inflammation support, general resilience |
| Chai | supplements | tea, caffeine source, polyphenol blend | 15-60 minutes depending on caffeine dose, milk/food, and brew strength | Typical: 1-3 cups/day; caffeine varies widely by tea amount and steeping | warm stimulation, mood lift, digestion support, calm focus |
| CoQ10 | supplements | mitochondrial cofactor, antioxidant, vitamin-like compound | Energy effects may be subtle over 2–4 weeks; antioxidant markers improve sooner | Typical: 100–300 mg/day ubiquinol; 200–600 mg ubiquinone for equivalent effect | mitochondrial energy support, cardiovascular protection, antioxidant defense, fatigue reduction, statin side effect mitigation |
| Cordyceps | supplements | mushroom, energy support, adaptogen | 1-3 hours for energy in some users; weeks for training or tonic effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or powder depending on standardization | energy support, fatigue resistance, exercise support, adaptogenic support |
| Cortexin | peptides | peptide mixture, neuroprotective agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical use | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neuroprotection, neurorecovery, cognitive impairment support |
| Curcumin | supplements | polyphenol, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, adaptogen | Weeks to months for cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects; bioavailability critically depends on formulation | Effective dose depends on formulation: 500-2000 mg/day standard extract (low bioavailability); 100-500 mg bioenhanced or phospholipid forms | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mood support, memory support, BDNF upregulation |
| Diet | basics | foundation, nutrition, metabolic support | Meals affect energy within minutes to hours; body-composition and micronutrient changes build over weeks to months | Protein, fiber-rich plants, adequate calories, essential fats, and micronutrient sufficiency adjusted to goals and health status | stable energy, neurotransmitter precursors, metabolic health, inflammation control, micronutrient sufficiency |
| Epicatechin | supplements | flavanol, vascular support, polyphenol | 1-3 hours for vascular effects; weeks for training adaptations | Typical: 50-200 mg/day epicatechin or cocoa flavanol equivalents | blood flow, endothelial function, exercise support, antioxidant signaling |
| Exercise | basics | foundation, behavioral intervention, metabolic support | Acute mood and blood-flow effects within minutes to hours; structural adaptations over weeks to months | Common target: 150-300 min/week moderate cardio or 75-150 min vigorous cardio plus 2+ resistance sessions/week | executive function, mood, BDNF signaling, insulin sensitivity, vascular health |
| Ginkgo Biloba | supplements | herb, vascular support, antioxidant | Weeks for cognitive/vascular effects | Typical standardized extract: 120-240 mg/day | blood flow, memory support, antioxidant support, tinnitus/circulation research |
| Lions Mane | supplements | mushroom, neurotrophic support | Weeks to months for possible nerve-growth or cognitive effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day depending on fruiting body/mycelium and extract strength | neurotrophic support, memory support, mood support, nerve health |
| Maitake | supplements | mushroom, beta-glucan, immune/metabolic support | Weeks for immune/metabolic effects; acute cognitive effects are subtle | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day powder/extract; D-fraction products vary | immune modulation, metabolic support, neuroprotection research, anti-inflammatory support |
| Marijuana | controlled substances | cannabinoid, controlled substance, intoxicant | Inhaled: minutes; oral: 30-120 minutes | Legal/medical dosing varies by jurisdiction and product; no general nootropic dosing is recommended | relaxation, pain modulation, appetite, altered perception, sleepiness |
| Matcha | supplements | tea, caffeine source, theanine source, polyphenol | 15-60 minutes for caffeine/theanine; chronic polyphenol effects are weeks-scale | Typical: 1-3 g powder per serving, often 1-2 servings/day | calm focus, wakefulness, mood support, antioxidant support |
| Melatonin | supplements | hormone, chronobiotic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes depending on timing and formulation | Typical: 0.3-5 mg; lower doses often work better for circadian timing | circadian phase shifting, sleep onset support, jet lag support, antioxidant signaling |
| Methylene Blue | peptides | redox agent, mitochondrial modulator, synthetic dye | 30-120 minutes in anecdotal low-dose use; medical effects depend on route and indication | No casual nootropic standard; medical dosing and low-dose research use are very different | mitochondrial support, mental energy, redox cycling, neuroprotection research |
| NAC & Glutathione | supplements | amino acid derivative, antioxidant, glutamate modulator | Hours for mucolytic/redox effects; weeks for compulsive or inflammatory outcomes | Typical NAC: 600-1,800 mg/day; glutathione dosing varies by form | glutathione support, oxidative stress reduction, glutamate regulation, respiratory mucus support |
| NAD | supplements | metabolic cofactor, vitamin B3 pathway, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks for energy markers; acute effects vary by form and route | Typical oral precursor ranges: NR or NMN often 250-1,000 mg/day; niacin/niacinamide ranges differ and have distinct safety profiles | cellular energy, sirtuin substrate support, DNA repair support, metabolic resilience |
| Niacin (B3) | supplements | vitamin, NAD precursor, redox cofactor | Minutes for flushing from nicotinic acid; days to weeks for NAD-related nutritional effects | Typical nutritional range: RDA to 50 mg/day; high-dose lipid protocols are medical and not casual nootropic dosing | NAD support, energy metabolism, redox support, skin and nervous system deficiency correction |
| Omega-3 Fish Oil | supplements | fatty acid, membrane support, anti-inflammatory | Weeks to months for membrane and inflammation changes | Typical: 1-3 g/day combined EPA+DHA; higher medical doses require supervision | membrane fluidity, inflammation resolution, mood support, cardiometabolic support |
| Pinealon | peptides | tripeptide, peptide bioregulator, neuroprotective research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are cumulative | No approved nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use varies | neuroprotection claims, aging research, cognitive support claims |
| PQQ | supplements | redox cofactor, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 10-20 mg/day | mitochondrial biogenesis support, antioxidant signaling, fatigue support |
| Reishi | supplements | mushroom, adaptogen, immune modulator, sleep support | Hours for calming in some users; weeks for tonic immune/stress effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or 1-5 g/day powder depending on strength | calming, sleep support, immune modulation, stress resilience |
| Resveratrol | supplements | polyphenol, antioxidant signaling, sirtuin modulator | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 100-500 mg/day; higher doses increase GI and interaction issues | antioxidant signaling, vascular support, metabolic support, healthy aging pathways |
| Riboflavin (B2) | supplements | vitamin, redox cofactor, mitochondrial cofactor | Days to weeks for deficiency; migraine protocols are evaluated over months | Typical: RDA-level to 25-100 mg/day; migraine studies often use 400 mg/day under guidance | mitochondrial redox support, migraine support, methylation support, antioxidant recycling |
| Saffron | supplements | herb, serotonin modulator, antidepressant herb | 2–6 weeks for mood effects; some calming effects within hours | Typical: 28–30 mg/day of standardized extract (Affron); some trials use 88 mg/day | mood support, anxiety reduction, antidepressant, PMS relief, appetite modulation |
| Selank | peptides | peptide, anxiolytic, immune-neuroendocrine modulator | 15-60 minutes in intranasal reports; stress effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | anxiety reduction, calm focus, stress resilience, mood support |
| Semax | peptides | peptide, neurotrophic modulator, nootropic peptide | 15-60 minutes intranasally in user reports; clinical effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | focus, neurotrophic support, fatigue resistance, mood support |
| Shiitake | supplements | mushroom, food, beta-glucan | Weeks for immune/gut effects; food effects are meal-context dependent | Food servings or 500-3,000 mg/day extract depending on product | immune support, gut-brain support, anti-inflammatory support, food-based micronutrients |
| Sleep | basics | foundation, circadian rhythm, recovery | Same night for acute sleep pressure; 1-3 weeks for circadian stabilization | Most adults: 7-9 hours nightly, consistent wake time, morning light, dark/cool evening environment | memory consolidation, attention, mood stability, glymphatic clearance, hormonal regulation |
| Sulforaphane | supplements | herb, isothiocyanate, Nrf2 activator, antioxidant | Antioxidant gene expression within 24–48 hours; systemic anti-inflammatory effects over weeks | Typical: 10–40 mg sulforaphane equivalent/day; broccoli sprout extract varies widely | antioxidant defense, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, detoxification support, gut health |
| Turkey Tail | supplements | mushroom, immune modulator, beta-glucan | Weeks for immune or gut-immune effects | Typical: 1-3 g/day powder/extract or product-specific PSK/PSP preparations | immune modulation, gut-immune support, inflammation support, resilience |
| Vitamin D | supplements | vitamin, hormone precursor, immune support | Weeks to months for serum repletion | Typical: 1,000-4,000 IU/day D3 depending on labs, sun, diet, and clinician guidance | mood support, immune regulation, bone health, hormonal modulation |
Adaptogens & Stress Modulators
Main page: Adaptogens & Stress Modulators
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashwagandha | supplements | herb, adaptogen, stress modulator | Days to weeks for stress and sleep effects; some calming may be same-day | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day depending on standardization | stress reduction, sleep support, anxiety reduction, cortisol modulation |
| Bacopa Monnieri | supplements | herb, adaptogen, memory support | Usually 6-12 weeks for memory effects; acute effects may be calming or sedating | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day standardized to bacosides; adjust for extract strength | memory consolidation, stress resilience, learning support, antioxidant support |
| Beta-Caryophyllene | supplements | terpene, CB2 agonist, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic | 30-60 minutes | 50–500 mg/day; most studies use 50–200 mg | anti-inflammatory, anxiety reduction, pain modulation, neuroprotection, mood support |
| Bromantane | peptides | adamantane derivative, dopamine synthesis modulator, anti-fatigue agent | 1-3 hours; some effects may build over days | Not FDA-approved; Russian clinical use and gray-market dosing vary, so medical guidance is preferred | fatigue resistance, motivation, anxiolytic stimulation, dopamine synthesis support |
| Cat’s Claw | supplements | herb, anti-inflammatory, immune modulator | Days to weeks for inflammatory or immune effects | Typical: 250-1,000 mg/day extract or tea-style preparations; standardization varies | anti-inflammatory support, immune modulation, joint comfort, neuroprotection research |
| CBD | supplements | cannabinoid, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, sleep support | 30-90 minutes (oral); faster sublingual or inhaled | 10–150 mg/day depending on target; anxiety/sleep often 25–75 mg; higher doses for specific conditions | anxiety reduction, sleep support, anti-inflammatory, mood stabilization, pain modulation |
| Chaga | supplements | mushroom, antioxidant, immune support | Days to weeks; acute cognitive effects are usually minimal | Typical: tea/decoction or 500-2,000 mg/day extract; oxalate load matters | antioxidant support, immune modulation, inflammation support, general resilience |
| Cordyceps | supplements | mushroom, energy support, adaptogen | 1-3 hours for energy in some users; weeks for training or tonic effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or powder depending on standardization | energy support, fatigue resistance, exercise support, adaptogenic support |
| Curcumin | supplements | polyphenol, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, adaptogen | Weeks to months for cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects; bioavailability critically depends on formulation | Effective dose depends on formulation: 500-2000 mg/day standard extract (low bioavailability); 100-500 mg bioenhanced or phospholipid forms | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mood support, memory support, BDNF upregulation |
| GABA | supplements | amino acid derivative, inhibitory neurotransmitter, calming agent | 30-60 minutes if subjectively active | Typical: 100-750 mg; lower doses first | calming, sleep support, stress reduction |
| Gotu Kola | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anxiolytic, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute anxiolytic effect; 4–8 weeks for cognitive benefits | Typical: 500–2,000 mg/day dried herb; 300–500 mg standardized extract | anxiety reduction, memory support, blood flow enhancement, wound healing, neuroprotection |
| Kava | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, GABA modulator, social lubricant | 30–60 minutes for onset; peak effects 1–2 hours | Typical: 70–250 mg kavalactones per session; noble kava root powder: 1–4 tablespoons in traditional preparation | anxiety reduction, social ease, muscle relaxation, mild euphoria, sleep support |
| Kratom | controlled substances | opioid receptor active herb, stimulant-sedative botanical | 15-60 minutes orally | No nootropic dosing recommended; product potency and legality vary | pain relief, stimulation at low exposure, sedation at higher exposure, mood alteration |
| Lemon Balm | supplements | herb, calming agent, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for acute calming; days to weeks for stress patterns | Typical: 300-1,200 mg/day extract or tea; extract strength varies | anxiety reduction, calm focus, sleep support, mood support |
| Oxytocin | peptides | peptide hormone, social cognition modulator | Minutes to an hour depending on route; context strongly shapes effects | Prescription/clinical use only; no general nootropic dosing | social salience, bonding, trust/context effects, stress modulation |
| Panax Ginseng | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 1-6 hours acutely; weeks for tonic effects | Typical extract: 200-400 mg/day standardized to ginsenosides; root doses vary | mental energy, fatigue resistance, stress resilience, glucose support |
| Passionflower | supplements | herb, anxiolytic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes for calming; days to weeks for anxiety patterns | Typical: tea, tincture, or 250-1,000 mg/day extract depending on preparation | anxiety reduction, sleep support, calming, withdrawal-support research |
| Reishi | supplements | mushroom, adaptogen, immune modulator, sleep support | Hours for calming in some users; weeks for tonic immune/stress effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or 1-5 g/day powder depending on strength | calming, sleep support, immune modulation, stress resilience |
| Rhodiola Rosea | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 30-120 minutes for acute fatigue; days to weeks for stress resilience | Typical extract: 100-400 mg/day standardized to rosavins and salidroside | fatigue resistance, stress resilience, mood support, mental stamina |
| Saffron | supplements | herb, serotonin modulator, antidepressant herb | 2–6 weeks for mood effects; some calming effects within hours | Typical: 28–30 mg/day of standardized extract (Affron); some trials use 88 mg/day | mood support, anxiety reduction, antidepressant, PMS relief, appetite modulation |
| Selank | peptides | peptide, anxiolytic, immune-neuroendocrine modulator | 15-60 minutes in intranasal reports; stress effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | anxiety reduction, calm focus, stress resilience, mood support |
| St. Johns Wort | supplements | herb, antidepressant herb, serotonin modulator | 2–6 weeks for antidepressant effect; acute mild calming possible | Typical: 300 mg 3x/day (900 mg/day total) standardized to 0.3% hypericin and 1–4% hyperforin | antidepressant, anxiety reduction, mood elevation, mild sedation, PMS support |
| Turkey Tail | supplements | mushroom, immune modulator, beta-glucan | Weeks for immune or gut-immune effects | Typical: 1-3 g/day powder/extract or product-specific PSK/PSP preparations | immune modulation, gut-immune support, inflammation support, resilience |
Dopamine Modulation
Main page: Dopamine Modulation
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9-Me-Bc | peptides | beta-carboline, dopaminergic research chemical | Unknown; anecdotal reports vary | No established safe human dosing; experimental research chemical | dopamine neuron research, motivation claims, neuroprotection research |
| Adderall | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, prescription medication, amphetamine | IR: about 30-60 minutes; XR: 1-2 hours with extended profile | Prescription only; clinician-directed ADHD/narcolepsy dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, wakefulness, motivation, executive function under clinical need |
| Amphetamines | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant class, monoamine releaser | Varies by compound and route; prescription oral forms often 30-90 minutes | Prescription-only when medically used; no nonmedical dosing guidance | wakefulness, attention, motivation, appetite suppression |
| Armodafinil | supplements | wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical range 50-250 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| BPN-14770 | peptides | PDE4D inhibitor, cAMP modulator, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 1-3 hours based on mechanism | Clinical trials in progress; no established consumer dose | memory enhancement, CREB activation, BDNF upregulation, learning support |
| Bromantane | peptides | adamantane derivative, dopamine synthesis modulator, anti-fatigue agent | 1-3 hours; some effects may build over days | Not FDA-approved; Russian clinical use and gray-market dosing vary, so medical guidance is preferred | fatigue resistance, motivation, anxiolytic stimulation, dopamine synthesis support |
| Caffeine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine, adenosine antagonist | 15-60 minutes; faster in gum or liquid, slower with food | Typical: 25-200 mg per serving; many adults should stay at or below about 400 mg/day from all sources | wakefulness, vigilance, reaction time, reduced perceived effort |
| Exercise | basics | foundation, behavioral intervention, metabolic support | Acute mood and blood-flow effects within minutes to hours; structural adaptations over weeks to months | Common target: 150-300 min/week moderate cardio or 75-150 min vigorous cardio plus 2+ resistance sessions/week | executive function, mood, BDNF signaling, insulin sensitivity, vascular health |
| Forskolin | supplements | herb, adenylate cyclase activator, cAMP booster, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute cAMP elevation; cognitive effects may require consistent use | Typical: 25–50 mg standardized extract (10–20% forskolin) per dose; CILTEP protocol: 2–4 mg pure forskolin | memory enhancement, cognitive processing, cAMP elevation, motivation, focus |
| Guarana | supplements | herb, caffeine source, stimulant | 30-90 minutes | Dose by caffeine content; products vary widely | wakefulness, energy, reaction time, fatigue reduction |
| Kratom | controlled substances | opioid receptor active herb, stimulant-sedative botanical | 15-60 minutes orally | No nootropic dosing recommended; product potency and legality vary | pain relief, stimulation at low exposure, sedation at higher exposure, mood alteration |
| L-Tyrosine | supplements | amino acid, catecholamine precursor | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg acute; higher research doses are weight-based and context-specific | stress cognition, working memory under pressure, dopamine precursor support, fatigue resistance |
| Modafinil | controlled substances | Schedule IV wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical dose is often 100-200 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| Mucuna Pruriens | supplements | herb, dopamine precursor, L-DOPA source | 30-120 minutes | Dose by L-DOPA content; casual use is risky and should be conservative | dopamine precursor, motivation, mood, motor activation |
| Nicotine | controlled substances | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, stimulant, dependence-forming drug | Seconds by inhalation; minutes by gum/lozenge; slower and steadier by patch | Use for cessation should follow product labeling or clinician guidance; no nootropic dosing is recommended | attention, working memory, alertness, reward reinforcement |
| Phenylpiracetam | peptides | racetam, stimulant-adjacent, cognitive enhancer, physical performance | 30-60 minutes | 100–200 mg per dose; max 2-3 times per week to limit tolerance | physical energy, focus, motivation, cold tolerance, mental drive |
| Rhodiola Rosea | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anti-fatigue | 30-120 minutes for acute fatigue; days to weeks for stress resilience | Typical extract: 100-400 mg/day standardized to rosavins and salidroside | fatigue resistance, stress resilience, mood support, mental stamina |
| Ritalin | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | IR: about 20-60 minutes; ER forms vary | Prescription only; clinician-directed dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, attention, impulse control, wakefulness |
| Semax | peptides | peptide, neurotrophic modulator, nootropic peptide | 15-60 minutes intranasally in user reports; clinical effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | focus, neurotrophic support, fatigue resistance, mood support |
| Testosterone & Anabolics | controlled substances | Schedule III hormone, androgen, anabolic steroid | Weeks for mood/libido/body-composition changes; ester kinetics vary | Prescription-only for diagnosed conditions; no nonmedical dosing guidance | libido, motivation, muscle mass, mood, red blood cell production |
| Theacrine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine analog, adenosine antagonist | 45–75 minutes | Typical: 100–200 mg/day; some protocols use 200–300 mg for stronger effect | wakefulness, energy, mood elevation, motivation, reduced fatigue |
| Uridine | supplements | nucleoside, membrane support, dopamine modulation | Days to weeks for mood/membrane effects; acute effects are subtle | Typical UMP: 150-500 mg/day; triacetyluridine uses lower dosing due to potency | membrane synthesis, mood support, dopamine receptor support, synaptic support |
Neurotrophic & Growth Factors
Main page: Neurotrophic & Growth Factors
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9-Me-Bc | peptides | beta-carboline, dopaminergic research chemical | Unknown; anecdotal reports vary | No established safe human dosing; experimental research chemical | dopamine neuron research, motivation claims, neuroprotection research |
| Acetyl-L-Carnitine | supplements | amino acid derivative, mitochondrial support | 1-3 hours acutely; weeks for fatigue or neuropathy-related outcomes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg/day | mental energy, mitochondrial support, fatty acid transport, neuropathy support |
| Bacopa Monnieri | supplements | herb, adaptogen, memory support | Usually 6-12 weeks for memory effects; acute effects may be calming or sedating | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day standardized to bacosides; adjust for extract strength | memory consolidation, stress resilience, learning support, antioxidant support |
| BPC-157 | peptides | peptide, tissue repair research chemical | Unclear in humans; tissue effects would be days to weeks | No approved human nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use is not standardized | tissue repair research, gut barrier support claims, anti-inflammatory signaling, injury recovery claims |
| BPN-14770 | peptides | PDE4D inhibitor, cAMP modulator, research compound, cognitive enhancer | Unknown; estimated 1-3 hours based on mechanism | Clinical trials in progress; no established consumer dose | memory enhancement, CREB activation, BDNF upregulation, learning support |
| Cerebrolysin | peptides | peptide mixture, neurotrophic agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical protocols | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neurorecovery, neurotrophic support, stroke/TBI research, cognitive impairment support |
| Cortexin | peptides | peptide mixture, neuroprotective agent, injectable medication | Days to weeks in clinical use | Prescription/clinical injectable protocols vary; not a self-directed supplement | neuroprotection, neurorecovery, cognitive impairment support |
| Creatine | supplements | energy metabolism, amino acid derivative, ergogenic aid | Days to weeks depending on loading; some acute fatigue benefits may occur sooner | Typical: 3-5 g/day creatine monohydrate; optional loading 20 g/day split for 5-7 days | ATP buffering, exercise performance, fatigue resistance, brain energy support |
| Curcumin | supplements | polyphenol, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, adaptogen | Weeks to months for cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects; bioavailability critically depends on formulation | Effective dose depends on formulation: 500-2000 mg/day standard extract (low bioavailability); 100-500 mg bioenhanced or phospholipid forms | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mood support, memory support, BDNF upregulation |
| Dihexa | peptides | angiotensin IV analog, experimental neurogenic compound | Unknown in humans | No established safe human dosing; experimental research compound | synaptogenesis research, neurotrophic signaling, memory research |
| Epithalon | peptides | tetrapeptide, longevity research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are long-term | No approved nootropic dosing; research/clinical protocols vary by country | circadian/aging research, telomerase claims, sleep rhythm claims |
| Exercise | basics | foundation, behavioral intervention, metabolic support | Acute mood and blood-flow effects within minutes to hours; structural adaptations over weeks to months | Common target: 150-300 min/week moderate cardio or 75-150 min vigorous cardio plus 2+ resistance sessions/week | executive function, mood, BDNF signaling, insulin sensitivity, vascular health |
| Gotu Kola | supplements | herb, adaptogen, anxiolytic, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute anxiolytic effect; 4–8 weeks for cognitive benefits | Typical: 500–2,000 mg/day dried herb; 300–500 mg standardized extract | anxiety reduction, memory support, blood flow enhancement, wound healing, neuroprotection |
| Lions Mane | supplements | mushroom, neurotrophic support | Weeks to months for possible nerve-growth or cognitive effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day depending on fruiting body/mycelium and extract strength | neurotrophic support, memory support, mood support, nerve health |
| Lithium | supplements | trace mineral, mood stabilizer, neuroprotective ion | Weeks for mood-stabilizing effects; trace-dose effects are subtle | Trace supplemental lithium often 1-5 mg elemental; prescription lithium uses much higher monitored doses | mood stability, impulsivity reduction, neuroprotective signaling, circadian support |
| LSD | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist | Usually 30-90 minutes orally | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is tightly controlled | altered perception, cognitive flexibility, emotional salience, mystical-type experiences |
| Magnesium L-Threonate | supplements | mineral, magnesium form, nootropic mineral | Sleep effects within days; memory and cognitive effects accumulate over 4–8 weeks | Typical: 1,000–2,000 mg/day Magtein (providing ~144–288 mg elemental Mg); often split AM/PM | memory enhancement, synaptic density improvement, sleep quality, anxiety reduction, cognitive aging protection |
| Maitake | supplements | mushroom, beta-glucan, immune/metabolic support | Weeks for immune/metabolic effects; acute cognitive effects are subtle | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day powder/extract; D-fraction products vary | immune modulation, metabolic support, neuroprotection research, anti-inflammatory support |
| Noopept | peptides | peptide-like compound, racetam-like, neurotrophic modulator | 30-90 minutes acutely; neurotrophic claims would require repeated use | Not FDA-approved; commonly discussed low milligram ranges require caution and product-quality skepticism | memory support, focus, neurotrophic signaling, verbal fluency |
| NSI-189 | peptides | experimental neurogenic compound, antidepressant research compound | Weeks in mood/neurogenesis research contexts | Investigational; no approved nootropic dosing | mood research, hippocampal neurogenesis research, cognitive support claims |
| PE-22-28 | peptides | peptide, TREK-1 modulator, experimental antidepressant peptide | Preclinical rapid-onset antidepressant effects over days; human onset unknown | No established safe human dosing; preclinical research peptide | mood research, neurogenesis research, stress resilience research, neuroplasticity |
| Pinealon | peptides | tripeptide, peptide bioregulator, neuroprotective research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are cumulative | No approved nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use varies | neuroprotection claims, aging research, cognitive support claims |
| PQQ | supplements | redox cofactor, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks; acute effects are subtle | Typical: 10-20 mg/day | mitochondrial biogenesis support, antioxidant signaling, fatigue support |
| Psilocybin | controlled substances | Schedule I psychedelic, 5-HT2A agonist, tryptamine | Usually 20-60 minutes orally depending on preparation and stomach contents | No legal nonmedical dosing; clinical/research use is supervised and screened | altered perception, emotional processing, cognitive flexibility, mystical-type experiences |
| Semax | peptides | peptide, neurotrophic modulator, nootropic peptide | 15-60 minutes intranasally in user reports; clinical effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | focus, neurotrophic support, fatigue resistance, mood support |
| Sleep | basics | foundation, circadian rhythm, recovery | Same night for acute sleep pressure; 1-3 weeks for circadian stabilization | Most adults: 7-9 hours nightly, consistent wake time, morning light, dark/cool evening environment | memory consolidation, attention, mood stability, glymphatic clearance, hormonal regulation |
| Sulforaphane | supplements | herb, isothiocyanate, Nrf2 activator, antioxidant | Antioxidant gene expression within 24–48 hours; systemic anti-inflammatory effects over weeks | Typical: 10–40 mg sulforaphane equivalent/day; broccoli sprout extract varies widely | antioxidant defense, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, detoxification support, gut health |
Methylation & One-Carbon Metabolism
Main page: Methylation & One-Carbon Metabolism
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-Vitamins | supplements | vitamin, cofactor, methylation support | Hours to weeks depending on deficiency and vitamin | Use RDA-range or targeted dosing unless deficiency is documented; high-dose B6 and niacin require caution | energy metabolism, methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, myelin support |
| Choline | supplements | essential nutrient, choline source, methyl donor | Hours for acute intake; weeks for deficiency correction | Adequate intake often cited around 425-550 mg/day for adults; supplement doses vary widely by form | acetylcholine synthesis, membrane support, methylation, liver fat metabolism |
| Folate & 5-Methylfolate | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, one-carbon metabolism | Days to weeks for mood/energy if low; blood markers shift over weeks | Typical: 400-1,000 mcg DFE/day; medical L-methylfolate can be much higher and clinician-directed | methylation, homocysteine regulation, mood support, DNA synthesis |
| Phosphatidylcholine | supplements | phospholipid, choline source, membrane support | Hours for digestion and choline availability; weeks for membrane and liver effects | Typical supplemental range: 300-2,400 mg/day phosphatidylcholine, often via lecithin or softgels | membrane support, choline support, liver lipid export, methylation support |
| Riboflavin (B2) | supplements | vitamin, redox cofactor, mitochondrial cofactor | Days to weeks for deficiency; migraine protocols are evaluated over months | Typical: RDA-level to 25-100 mg/day; migraine studies often use 400 mg/day under guidance | mitochondrial redox support, migraine support, methylation support, antioxidant recycling |
| Vitamin B12 | supplements | vitamin, methylation support, myelin support | Days to weeks for energy/mood if deficient; nerve recovery can take months | Typical: 250-1,000 mcg/day oral/sublingual for support; injections are medical and indication-specific | myelin support, methylation, energy metabolism, homocysteine regulation |
| Vitamin B6 | supplements | vitamin, neurotransmitter cofactor, amino acid metabolism | Days to weeks for deficiency; acute effects vary with neurotransmitter precursor stacks | Typical: RDA-level to 5-25 mg/day; chronic high-dose use can cause neuropathy | neurotransmitter synthesis, GABA synthesis, serotonin and dopamine synthesis, homocysteine metabolism |
Hormonal Modulation
Main page: Hormonal Modulation
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HTP | supplements | amino acid derivative, serotonin precursor | 30-120 minutes for acute effects; mood effects may take days to weeks | Typical: 50-200 mg/day; avoid combining with serotonergic medications unless supervised | mood support, sleep support, appetite modulation, serotonin precursor |
| Ashwagandha | supplements | herb, adaptogen, stress modulator | Days to weeks for stress and sleep effects; some calming may be same-day | Typical extract: 300-600 mg/day depending on standardization | stress reduction, sleep support, anxiety reduction, cortisol modulation |
| Diet | basics | foundation, nutrition, metabolic support | Meals affect energy within minutes to hours; body-composition and micronutrient changes build over weeks to months | Protein, fiber-rich plants, adequate calories, essential fats, and micronutrient sufficiency adjusted to goals and health status | stable energy, neurotransmitter precursors, metabolic health, inflammation control, micronutrient sufficiency |
| Epithalon | peptides | tetrapeptide, longevity research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are long-term | No approved nootropic dosing; research/clinical protocols vary by country | circadian/aging research, telomerase claims, sleep rhythm claims |
| Inositol | supplements | sugar alcohol, second messenger, metabolic support | Days to weeks for anxiety/metabolic effects | Typical: 2-4 g/day for metabolic support; psychiatric studies used higher doses under supervision | anxiety support, insulin signaling, mood support, PCOS support |
| Lithium | supplements | trace mineral, mood stabilizer, neuroprotective ion | Weeks for mood-stabilizing effects; trace-dose effects are subtle | Trace supplemental lithium often 1-5 mg elemental; prescription lithium uses much higher monitored doses | mood stability, impulsivity reduction, neuroprotective signaling, circadian support |
| Melatonin | supplements | hormone, chronobiotic, sleep support | 30-120 minutes depending on timing and formulation | Typical: 0.3-5 mg; lower doses often work better for circadian timing | circadian phase shifting, sleep onset support, jet lag support, antioxidant signaling |
| Mucuna Pruriens | supplements | herb, dopamine precursor, L-DOPA source | 30-120 minutes | Dose by L-DOPA content; casual use is risky and should be conservative | dopamine precursor, motivation, mood, motor activation |
| NAD | supplements | metabolic cofactor, vitamin B3 pathway, mitochondrial support | Days to weeks for energy markers; acute effects vary by form and route | Typical oral precursor ranges: NR or NMN often 250-1,000 mg/day; niacin/niacinamide ranges differ and have distinct safety profiles | cellular energy, sirtuin substrate support, DNA repair support, metabolic resilience |
| Oxytocin | peptides | peptide hormone, social cognition modulator | Minutes to an hour depending on route; context strongly shapes effects | Prescription/clinical use only; no general nootropic dosing | social salience, bonding, trust/context effects, stress modulation |
| Phosphatidylserine | supplements | phospholipid, membrane support, stress support | Days to weeks; acute cortisol effects may be same-day in exercise contexts | Typical: 100-300 mg/day | memory support, stress response, membrane support, exercise recovery |
| Pinealon | peptides | tripeptide, peptide bioregulator, neuroprotective research peptide | Unknown for nootropic use; proposed effects are cumulative | No approved nootropic dosing; research/gray-market use varies | neuroprotection claims, aging research, cognitive support claims |
| Sleep | basics | foundation, circadian rhythm, recovery | Same night for acute sleep pressure; 1-3 weeks for circadian stabilization | Most adults: 7-9 hours nightly, consistent wake time, morning light, dark/cool evening environment | memory consolidation, attention, mood stability, glymphatic clearance, hormonal regulation |
| St. Johns Wort | supplements | herb, antidepressant herb, serotonin modulator | 2–6 weeks for antidepressant effect; acute mild calming possible | Typical: 300 mg 3x/day (900 mg/day total) standardized to 0.3% hypericin and 1–4% hyperforin | antidepressant, anxiety reduction, mood elevation, mild sedation, PMS support |
| Sugar | basics | foundation, nutrition, energy substrate | Minutes to hours depending on carbohydrate type and meal context | No nootropic dose; match carbohydrate intake to activity, metabolic health, and glucose tolerance | acute energy, exercise support, mood stability when low, cognitive support during hypoglycemia |
| Testosterone & Anabolics | controlled substances | Schedule III hormone, androgen, anabolic steroid | Weeks for mood/libido/body-composition changes; ester kinetics vary | Prescription-only for diagnosed conditions; no nonmedical dosing guidance | libido, motivation, muscle mass, mood, red blood cell production |
| Vitamin D | supplements | vitamin, hormone precursor, immune support | Weeks to months for serum repletion | Typical: 1,000-4,000 IU/day D3 depending on labs, sun, diet, and clinician guidance | mood support, immune regulation, bone health, hormonal modulation |
| Zinc | supplements | mineral, essential trace element, cofactor | Days to weeks depending on degree of deficiency and form used | Typical: 15–30 mg/day elemental zinc; RDA is 8–11 mg/day; therapeutic: up to 40 mg/day; do not exceed UL of 40 mg/day long-term without copper cofactor | cognitive function support, testosterone support, immune function, mood regulation, NMDA modulation |
Wakefulness & Arousal
Main page: Wakefulness & Arousal
| File | category | type | onset | dosage_range | primary_effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adderall | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, prescription medication, amphetamine | IR: about 30-60 minutes; XR: 1-2 hours with extended profile | Prescription only; clinician-directed ADHD/narcolepsy dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, wakefulness, motivation, executive function under clinical need |
| Amphetamines | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant class, monoamine releaser | Varies by compound and route; prescription oral forms often 30-90 minutes | Prescription-only when medically used; no nonmedical dosing guidance | wakefulness, attention, motivation, appetite suppression |
| Armodafinil | supplements | wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical range 50-250 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| Bromantane | peptides | adamantane derivative, dopamine synthesis modulator, anti-fatigue agent | 1-3 hours; some effects may build over days | Not FDA-approved; Russian clinical use and gray-market dosing vary, so medical guidance is preferred | fatigue resistance, motivation, anxiolytic stimulation, dopamine synthesis support |
| Caffeine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine, adenosine antagonist | 15-60 minutes; faster in gum or liquid, slower with food | Typical: 25-200 mg per serving; many adults should stay at or below about 400 mg/day from all sources | wakefulness, vigilance, reaction time, reduced perceived effort |
| Chai | supplements | tea, caffeine source, polyphenol blend | 15-60 minutes depending on caffeine dose, milk/food, and brew strength | Typical: 1-3 cups/day; caffeine varies widely by tea amount and steeping | warm stimulation, mood lift, digestion support, calm focus |
| Cordyceps | supplements | mushroom, energy support, adaptogen | 1-3 hours for energy in some users; weeks for training or tonic effects | Typical: 500-3,000 mg/day extract or powder depending on standardization | energy support, fatigue resistance, exercise support, adaptogenic support |
| Forskolin | supplements | herb, adenylate cyclase activator, cAMP booster, nootropic herb | 30–90 minutes for acute cAMP elevation; cognitive effects may require consistent use | Typical: 25–50 mg standardized extract (10–20% forskolin) per dose; CILTEP protocol: 2–4 mg pure forskolin | memory enhancement, cognitive processing, cAMP elevation, motivation, focus |
| Guarana | supplements | herb, caffeine source, stimulant | 30-90 minutes | Dose by caffeine content; products vary widely | wakefulness, energy, reaction time, fatigue reduction |
| L-Tyrosine | supplements | amino acid, catecholamine precursor | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 500-2,000 mg acute; higher research doses are weight-based and context-specific | stress cognition, working memory under pressure, dopamine precursor support, fatigue resistance |
| Matcha | supplements | tea, caffeine source, theanine source, polyphenol | 15-60 minutes for caffeine/theanine; chronic polyphenol effects are weeks-scale | Typical: 1-3 g powder per serving, often 1-2 servings/day | calm focus, wakefulness, mood support, antioxidant support |
| Modafinil | controlled substances | Schedule IV wakefulness-promoting agent, prescription medication, eugeroic | 30-120 minutes | Prescription only; common clinical dose is often 100-200 mg/day depending on indication | wakefulness, vigilance, fatigue reduction, executive function under sleepiness |
| Nicotine | controlled substances | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, stimulant, dependence-forming drug | Seconds by inhalation; minutes by gum/lozenge; slower and steadier by patch | Use for cessation should follow product labeling or clinician guidance; no nootropic dosing is recommended | attention, working memory, alertness, reward reinforcement |
| Oxiracetam | peptides | racetam, AMPA modulator, stimulating cognitive enhancer | 30-60 minutes | 800–2400 mg/day in 2 divided doses | focus, logical thinking, memory, mental energy, sensory sharpness |
| Phenylpiracetam | peptides | racetam, stimulant-adjacent, cognitive enhancer, physical performance | 30-60 minutes | 100–200 mg per dose; max 2-3 times per week to limit tolerance | physical energy, focus, motivation, cold tolerance, mental drive |
| Ritalin | controlled substances | Schedule II stimulant, dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | IR: about 20-60 minutes; ER forms vary | Prescription only; clinician-directed dosing varies by formulation and patient | ADHD symptom control, attention, impulse control, wakefulness |
| Semax | peptides | peptide, neurotrophic modulator, nootropic peptide | 15-60 minutes intranasally in user reports; clinical effects may build | Not FDA-approved; clinical/research preparations vary by concentration and indication | focus, neurotrophic support, fatigue resistance, mood support |
| Theacrine | supplements | stimulant, methylxanthine analog, adenosine antagonist | 45–75 minutes | Typical: 100–200 mg/day; some protocols use 200–300 mg for stronger effect | wakefulness, energy, mood elevation, motivation, reduced fatigue |
| Theobromine | supplements | methylxanthine, mild stimulant, vasodilator | 30-120 minutes | Typical: 100-500 mg from cocoa or supplements; sensitivity varies | mild stimulation, mood support, vasodilation, smooth energy |